Renewable Energy, Distributed Generation and Energy Efficiency Law

Article 1 — Title

This Law shall be called the ‘Renewable Energy, Distributed Generation and Energy Efficiency Law’, referred to herein as ‘the Law’.

Article 2 — Objectives

This Law establishes an integrated legislative framework to accelerate safe, economical renewable energy use in the Republic of Iraq, regulate distributed generation and prosumers, improve energy efficiency, prepare the market for investment and regulated competition, and reduce fuel dependence in electricity production, strengthening energy security, environmental protection and fiscal sustainability.

It links renewable-energy policy with efficiency, grid resilience, storage and demand management, so generation does not expand independently of the system’s capacity for integration, metering, settlement and maintenance.

Article 3 — Governing principles

This Law shall apply according to security of supply, economic efficiency, technological neutrality, non-discrimination, transparency, competition, consumer protection, fair cost allocation, environmental and biodiversity protection, efficient water use, climate resilience, a just transition and avoidance of unfunded treasury obligations.

Priority shall go to solutions achieving the lowest total system cost over an asset’s lifetime, considering grid, balancing, storage, maintenance and environmental costs rather than nominal generation cost alone.

Article 4 — Scope

This Law applies to projects and systems producing electricity, heat or fuel from renewable sources; distributed generation; associated storage facilities; energy-efficiency and demand-management services; and public, private and mixed entities and individuals carrying out activities regulated by it.

It does not prejudice legislation governing electricity, the environment, investment, competition, consumer protection, construction or waste management. Its provisions operate as special rules in matters expressly regulated.

Article 5 — Definitions

The following terms have the meanings indicated: Ministry: the federal Ministry of Electricity. Authority: the Federal Electricity Market Regulatory Authority responsible for market and grid regulation under the Electricity Market Regulation Law. Council: the National Council for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency established under this Law. Centre: the Ministry’s technical unit responsible for renewable energy and energy efficiency. Renewable energy: energy from naturally and sustainably replenishing sources, including solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal energy, biomass and biogas meeting sustainability criteria. Distributed generation: generation connected to the distribution network or behind the consumer’s meter, within capacity limits set by regulation. Prosumer: a person consuming electricity and generating it from a renewable source on their premises or through a permitted arrangement, who may inject surplus electricity into the grid. Net metering: quantitative settlement of imported and exported energy over a specified period under an approved system. Net billing: financial settlement separating the price of imported energy from the value of exported energy. Renewable energy community: a voluntarily participating entity enabling members to produce, consume, share or store renewable energy under this Law. Energy efficiency: reducing the energy needed to provide an equivalent or better service or output. Energy service company: a person providing services delivering measurable savings, whose remuneration may depend on savings achieved. Guarantee of origin: an electronic record certifying the source and environmental attributes of a specified quantity of renewable energy. Storage: conversion of electrical energy into a retainable form for later return to the grid or consumption.

Article 6 — Eligible renewable sources

Regulations shall identify eligible sources and technologies according to sustainability, safety and environmental viability. Waste or biomass qualifies for incentives as renewable energy only where sustainability and protection of health, air, water and land requirements are met.

Burning fossil fuels or combining them with a renewable source does not automatically make all output renewable; only the eligible portion shall be counted under metering and traceability rules.

Article 7 — Basic participant rights

Subject to technical and regulatory conditions, everyone may apply to establish a renewable project or distributed-generation system, access non-discriminatory connection procedures, receive clear information on requirements, fees, timelines and available grid capacity, and challenge regulatory decisions.

Connection shall not be refused or delayed for non-technical or undocumented reasons. The competent authority shall provide written reasons for refusal and possible remedies.

Article 8 — Property, environment and public interest protection

This Law does not authorise taking private property or restricting its use except under the Constitution and law, with fair compensation where applicable. No project is exempt from environmental approvals, safety requirements or protection of archaeological sites and water resources.

Land allocation for large projects shall prioritise degraded land or land without high agricultural value where technically suitable, avoiding fragmentation of natural habitats and harm to sensitive areas.

Article 9 — Relationship to electricity market regulation

Grid connection, metering, settlement, balancing services, regulated tariffs and general electricity licensing are governed by the Electricity Market Regulation Law, market rules and approved codes. This Law establishes provisions specific to renewables, distributed generation and energy efficiency.

No parallel body shall be created under this Law to exercise the Authority’s economic or technical electricity-market responsibilities.

Article 10 — National policy

The Ministry, coordinating with competent authorities, shall prepare national renewable-energy and energy-efficiency policy for Council of Ministers approval. It shall include a phased timeline and estimates of grid capacity, costs, financing and effects on fuel, emissions and local employment.

Article 11 — Establishing the National Council

A coordinating ‘National Council for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency’ shall be established, chaired by the Minister of Electricity and comprising appropriately ranked representatives of the Ministries of Environment, Finance, Planning, Oil, Industry and Minerals, Construction, Housing, Municipalities and Public Works, Water Resources and Agriculture; the Authority; the National Investment Commission; the Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control; and representatives of the Kurdistan Region and governorates under arrangements set by regulation.

The Council coordinates and develops policy; it does not license, set tariffs or resolve disputes falling within the Authority’s or another independent body’s jurisdiction.

Article 12 — Council responsibilities

The Council shall align sectoral plans, propose national priorities, review renewable-energy and efficiency plans, resolve non-judicial institutional conflicts, monitor data and indicators, recommend legislative and regulatory reforms, and integrate electricity, environmental, investment, construction, water and industrial policies.

It shall submit a public annual report to the Council of Ministers and Council of Representatives on progress, obstacles and proposed corrective actions.

Article 13 — Technical Centre

The Ministry’s existing renewable-energy unit or centre, reorganised where needed, shall provide technical support, manage atlases, databases, studies, modelling and training, and advise public entities. It shall have no regulatory or commercial powers conflicting with the Authority or market participants.

Article 14 — Authority responsibilities

Within its remit, the Authority shall establish renewable-generation registration and licensing rules, connection procedures, net billing or net metering, regulation of aggregators and flexibility providers, export-value methodologies, non-discrimination safeguards and oversight of service quality and code compliance.

The Authority shall publish decisions, methodologies and non-confidential data so consumers and investors can anticipate rules and costs.

Article 15 — Ministry of Environment responsibilities

The Ministry of Environment shall implement environmental legislation and impact-assessment requirements, coordinate emissions-reduction accounting and Iraq’s climate commitments, administer Paris Agreement arrangements and emissions registers within its remit, and prevent double counting of internationally transferred reductions.

Article 16 — Standardisation and accreditation

The Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, coordinating with the Ministry, Authority and sectoral bodies, shall issue or adopt mandatory standards for relevant equipment and systems and accredit testing laboratories and conformity-assessment bodies under applicable legislation.

Domestic standards must not isolate the Iraqi market without safety or climatic justification. Equivalent international standards may be recognised through a published system.

Article 17 — Preventing overlapping responsibilities

Regulations shall define governmental focal points and responsibilities so investors or citizens are not repeatedly asked for the same information or document. A single procedural portal shall operate where digital infrastructure permits.

Where an administrative circular conflicts with this Law or a regulation under it, the higher-ranking legal rule applies. Unpublished instructions must not obstruct projects.

Article 18 — National plan

Every five years, the Ministry shall prepare a national renewable-energy and efficiency plan, reviewed annually and submitted through the Council to the Council of Ministers for approval. It shall cover capacity, generation, efficiency, distributed-generation and storage targets and grid, investment, financing, workforce and climate-resilience requirements.

Article 19 — Setting targets

On the Ministry’s proposal and a published technical and financial study, the Council of Ministers shall set medium- and long-term national renewable-share and efficiency targets, considering nationally determined contributions, international obligations, supply security, grid capability and fiscal burden.

An approved target may be lowered only by a reasoned decision accompanied by a published assessment of causes, alternatives and impacts.

Article 20 — No rigid numerical statutory targets

This Law does not itself create an obligation to purchase a specified quantity or capacity or guarantee investment returns. Operational targets shall be set periodically under the preceding Article, allowing adjustment to demand, technology, financing costs and grid development.

Article 21 — Resource atlas

The Centre shall establish and update a digital national atlas of solar, wind and other resources and suitability maps linking resources to grid capacity, land, water, environmental constraints and climate risks. Core data shall be published in open formats unless disclosure is legally prohibited.

Measurements shall be verified on site before contracting major projects. The atlas alone does not guarantee resources at any particular location.

Article 22 — Grid-capacity map

The grid operator and distribution companies, under Authority oversight, shall periodically publish maps of available capacity, expected constraints, bottlenecks and connection queues, protecting necessary sensitive security information.

The map shall guide investment, reduce applications that cannot be connected and lower repeated study costs.

Article 23 — National database

A unified database shall record licensed and built projects, installed capacities and actual generation, distributed systems, storage, guarantees of origin and efficiency indicators, linking electronically to relevant bodies under data-protection rules.

Article 24 — Open data

Aggregate generation, connection, competitive-price, efficiency, processing-time and refusal-reason data shall be published, excluding commercial secrets, personal data and information lawfully protected for security reasons.

Article 25 — Climate-resilience assessment

Strategic plans and projects shall assess extreme heat, dust storms, drought, floods, wind, salinity and other relevant hazards. Designs and operation and maintenance plans shall include measures appropriate to location and technology.

Article 26 — Project development methods

Large projects shall be developed according to their nature through competitive tenders, auctions, power purchase agreements, partnerships or private investment under applicable laws. The selected mechanism shall achieve best overall system value with clear risk allocation.

Article 27 — Competition and transparency

Capacity allocations and long-term contracts shall generally be competitive. Qualification and evaluation criteria, guarantees, timetable, connection point and responsibility for grid reinforcement shall be announced in advance.

Direct negotiation is permitted only where procurement or investment laws allow, with reasons published to the extent compatible with commercial confidentiality and national security.

Article 28 — Prequalification

Prequalification may assess financial standing, technical experience, performance record, ability to secure equipment and financing, and environmental compliance. Conditions must not unjustifiably exclude capable Iraqi firms or small businesses from suitable parts of the value chain.

Article 29 — Power purchase agreements

Power purchase agreements shall specify duration, pricing mechanism or competitively determined price, delivery and metering points, outage and curtailment risks, force majeure, changes in law, guarantees, settlement and dispute resolution.

State guarantees for public entities or state-owned companies require legal authority, assessment of explicit and contingent fiscal risks and transparent recording in the relevant fiscal documents.

Article 30 — Project land

Public land shall be allocated through usufruct, lease or another transparent legal mechanism for a period linked to project life. An energy licence alone does not transfer ownership.

Developers shall restore or rehabilitate sites at project end under a plan and appropriate financial provision or guarantee where the technology requires it.

Article 31 — Water and natural resources

Low-water-use technologies shall receive priority in water-scarce areas. Projects requiring substantial operational water shall demonstrate a sustainable source and obtain competent-authority approval.

Cumulative impact assessment of neighbouring projects shall address soil, water, biodiversity and local communities.

Article 32 — Connection and impact studies

The grid operator shall provide a connection study within the standard period set by the Authority, identifying required works, costs, alternatives and expected connection date. Broad reinforcement costs benefiting multiple users may be charged to a project only under an approved, equitable allocation methodology.

Article 33 — Connection queue

The Authority shall regulate connection queues to prevent speculative capacity reservations, including guarantees, completion milestones and loss of queue position for unjustified failure to progress.

Reserved and released capacity shall be published in aggregate and made available for rapid reallocation.

Article 34 — Curtailment and balancing

Market rules shall govern curtailment of renewable generation for grid security or operational constraints, setting priorities and compensation under contracts and general rules without discrimination.

Producers shall progressively assume forecasting and imbalance responsibilities proportionate to project size and market maturity. Aggregation and storage may reduce costs.

Article 35 — Local content and value

Tenders may include objective criteria supporting local value chains, training, knowledge transfer and Iraqi services, subject to proportionality and transparency and without undermining Iraq’s obligations or competition or unjustifiably raising costs.

No local-content percentage may be imposed without actual supply capacity or where it would give a particular supplier a monopoly.

Article 36 — Decommissioning and end of life

Before operation, developers shall submit end-of-life plans covering equipment removal, reuse or recycling, batteries, oils and hazardous substances, and site restoration. Financial security shall be updated according to periodic cost estimates.

Article 37 — Right to establish distributed generation

Residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural consumers and public entities may install renewable systems behind the meter or on distribution networks within approved safety, capacity and regulatory limits. Small registered projects under a simplified system do not require full generation licences.

Article 38 — Registration categories

The Authority shall classify distributed generation by capacity, voltage and connection method, applying simplified notification to the smallest systems and graduated technical procedures to larger ones. Households and small businesses shall not face studies disproportionate to their grid impact.

Article 39 — Fast-track approval

The Authority and distribution companies shall provide a fast track for approved standard systems where the connection point has available hosting capacity. An application is deemed accepted when the response deadline passes, unless a safety need or material documentary deficiency is notified to the applicant.

Article 40 — Bidirectional metering

Prosumer systems shall use approved bidirectional or smart meters separately measuring imported and exported energy where needed for settlement. The regulator shall determine meter ownership, installation and maintenance costs fairly and without discrimination.

Article 41 — Net billing as the regulatory default

Net billing shall be the default compensation mechanism for distributed-generation exports unless the Authority adopts another mechanism for a defined category following cost-benefit analysis.

Imported electricity shall be priced at the consumer’s applicable tariff. Exports shall be valued under a published methodology reflecting their system value or avoided energy costs and relevant grid components. The two prices are not automatically equal.

Article 42 — Net metering where justified

The Authority may apply net metering to categories, areas or transitional programmes where a study demonstrates public benefit without unfairly transferring costs to non-participants. Conditions shall be reviewed periodically as uptake increases.

Article 43 — Carry-forward and settlement

Settlement rules shall define credit carry-forward, its maximum duration and treatment of balances at year-end or account closure. Rules must be known before investment and shall not change retrospectively except for legal necessity or material safety reasons.

Article 44 — No discriminatory charges

No additional fixed or access charges shall be imposed solely because a prosumer owns a renewable system. The Authority may approve charges reflecting actual grid-use and backup-service costs where supported by a published study and applied without discrimination.

Article 45 — Behind-the-meter storage

Consumers may add approved batteries or other storage, subject to safety, reverse-flow protection and fire requirements. Exported stored energy may be counted as renewable only where its charging source can be verified.

Article 46 — Leasing and third-party finance

Systems may be installed through leasing, behind-the-meter power purchase agreements or third-party financing where contracts clearly define equipment ownership, liability, maintenance and termination rights.

The competent authority shall establish a simple disclosure form protecting consumers from misleading terms or unclear long-term obligations.

Article 47 — Multi-unit buildings

The Authority shall regulate shared or virtual generation arrangements for apartment buildings and commercial complexes, allowing output credits from a shared system to be allocated to participants’ meters according to published, verifiable proportions.

Article 48 — Tenants and property owners

Arrangements may allow tenants to benefit from on-site systems with owners’ consent or under leases. Tenants must not bear capital costs or special tariffs without disclosure and valid consent.

Article 49 — Government facilities

Subject to feasibility and appropriations, public entities shall prioritise distributed generation and efficiency in buildings with high daytime loads, using performance contracts or competition to avoid inefficient capital spending.

Actual performance and energy savings from demonstration projects shall be published to inform subsequent procurement.

Article 50 — Agricultural and rural facilities

Specific programmes may support irrigation, farms, villages and small businesses while considering pumping impacts on groundwater. Lower energy costs do not justify withdrawals beyond approved water allocations or licences.

Article 51 — Renewable energy communities

A renewable energy community may be established as a company, cooperative, association or other lawful arrangement, with voluntary participation and transparent voting and benefit- and cost-sharing rules. It must not circumvent licensing or consumer-protection requirements.

Article 52 — Energy sharing

The Authority shall regulate sharing of generation among community members through the distribution network or within one complex, setting network, settlement and metering charges reflecting actual use without unfunded exemptions from network costs.

Article 53 — Mini-grids

Mini-grids may connect to the public grid or operate in island mode. Licensing or registration shall define safety, electricity quality, consumer protection, island operation and resynchronisation requirements.

Article 54 — Remote-area electrification

Standalone or mini-grid solutions may be adopted where extending the main grid costs more than decentralised alternatives. Funding entities shall compare life-cycle costs, service reliability and residents’ ability to pay.

Article 55 — Critical loads

Mini-grids for hospitals, emergency centres, water, communications and vital facilities shall provide independent operation for a period suited to local risks. Cybersecurity, storage and backup-fuel requirements shall reflect criticality.

Article 56 — Preventing local monopoly abuse

Where a mini-grid operator is the sole supplier, it shall be subject to tariff, service and consumer-protection rules appropriate to a natural monopoly. Service disconnection or price changes outside approved rules are prohibited.

Article 57 — Later integration with the grid

When the public grid reaches an area served by a mini-grid, the Authority shall establish fair arrangements for connection, asset purchase, continued operation or conversion to a local distributor, protecting legitimate investment and consumers alike.

Article 58 — National energy-efficiency plan

The national plan shall include an efficiency programme specifying baselines, sectoral targets, measures, responsibilities, funding sources and measurement and verification methods, updated at least every five years.

Article 59 — Public-sector leadership in efficiency

Public entities shall plan to reduce energy consumption in buildings, facilities and fleets they manage, prioritising measures with reasonable payback and feasible maintenance, and publish standardised consumption indicators for large buildings under a unified system.

Article 60 — Energy audits for large facilities

Regulations shall set objective thresholds requiring energy-intensive industrial, commercial and service facilities to undergo periodic audits by qualified auditors or operate a recognised energy-management system.

Owners need not implement every recommendation but shall submit a response plan and explain non-implementation of demonstrably cost-effective measures.

Article 61 — Energy-management systems

International or equivalent national energy-management systems may satisfy periodic audit requirements where supported by measured data, performance review and continuous improvement.

Article 62 — Building efficiency

Energy-performance requirements for new and existing buildings shall align with the National Building Law and codes, covering thermal envelopes, air conditioning, lighting, water heating, metering, controls and solar energy where feasible.

This Law creates no parallel building code; it requires energy provisions in the national code and periodic updates reflecting Iraq’s climate.

Article 63 — Building energy-performance certificates

Energy-performance certificates may be phased in for large public and commercial buildings and new buildings. Certificates shall provide understandable indicators of expected or measured consumption, not guarantee a particular bill.

Article 64 — Minimum appliance-performance standards

Standards and regulations shall set minimum efficiency levels for major energy-consuming equipment, including air conditioners, motors, pumps, lighting, refrigerators and heaters, reviewed periodically as markets and technology develop.

Article 65 — Energy-efficiency labels

Appliances covered by efficiency labelling may not be offered for sale without valid, verifiable labels stating performance class and consumption under a unified test method. Unsubstantiated efficiency claims are prohibited.

Article 66 — Imports and conformity

Customs, the Central Organization for Standardization and competent bodies shall coordinate to prevent entry of equipment failing mandatory safety and efficiency standards, using traceable, risk-based inspection without unnecessary customs delays.

Article 67 — Motors and industrial systems

Efficiency policies shall assess integrated motor, pump, compressed-air, steam and heat-recovery systems rather than individual-device efficiency alone where system-level savings are greater.

Article 68 — Demand management

The Authority and market operator may adopt demand-response programmes, time-of-use tariffs and peak-reduction incentives. Aggregators and consumers may provide flexibility under baseline measurement and performance-verification rules.

Article 69 — Energy performance contracts

Energy performance contracts linking providers’ payments wholly or partly to measured energy savings are recognised. Regulations shall specify minimum disclosure, baseline methodology and adjustments, verification and dispute resolution.

Article 70 — Energy service companies

Registration of energy service companies and auditors may be voluntary or mandatory according to project size, based on professional competence, insurance, liability and performance. It must not restrict competition or confine the market to a few companies.

Article 71 — Efficient public procurement

Public purchasing of appliances, vehicles, equipment and buildings shall consider life-cycle cost, energy use and maintenance. Exceptions shall be defined where alternatives are unavailable or functionally unsuitable.

Article 72 — Protecting vulnerable groups

Funded or supported efficiency programmes shall enable low-income households and small businesses to participate. Insulation, efficient cooling and solar power for essential facilities may receive priority where savings are measurable.

Article 73 — System-security priority

Connection rights or development priority shall not undermine electricity-system security. The Authority and grid operator may impose proportionate technical requirements for protection, voltage, frequency, responsiveness and remote control where projects require them.

Article 74 — Updating grid codes

Transmission and distribution codes shall be reviewed periodically to accommodate higher shares of variable resources, storage and distributed generation. Requirements shall rest on documented stability studies and remain technically necessary.

Article 75 — Forecasting and operational data

Large producers and renewable-portfolio operators shall supply operational data and forecasts under the rules. Competent bodies shall provide weather and grid data needed to improve forecasting where lawfully publishable.

Article 76 — Storage as a separate asset

Storage may be licensed independently or within generation, network or consumer projects. It shall not be treated as both generation and consumption for charging purposes where that creates duplicate costs without a corresponding actual service.

Article 77 — Network ownership of storage

Transmission or distribution operators shall generally not own competitive storage unless the Authority establishes that the market offers no suitable alternative and the asset is needed for a network function. Ownership shall be controlled to prevent displacement of independent providers.

Article 78 — Ancillary services

Market rules shall allow qualifying renewables, storage and demand response to provide frequency, reserve, voltage, black-start and other services. Procurement shall be competitive wherever possible.

Article 79 — Hybrid connections

Solar, wind, storage or other eligible sources may share a connection point. Connection capacity shall reflect the agreed maximum rather than the sum of rated capacities where controls prevent exceedance.

Article 80 — Dust-storm and heat resilience

Standards and operating plans shall consider dust accumulation, high temperatures and their effects on panels, transformers, batteries and cooling. Large projects shall have maintenance and cleaning programmes minimising water use while considering site conditions.

Article 81 — Cybersecurity

Remotely controlled systems, smart meters, generation and storage facilities shall meet cybersecurity and critical-infrastructure requirements under relevant legislation, proportionate to risk and facility size.

Article 82 — Equipment safety

Inverters, batteries, panels, turbines and protective devices subject to mandatory standards may not be imported, manufactured, sold or installed unless compliant. Traceability and warranty documents and Arabic operating instructions shall accompany products supplied to final consumers.

Article 83 — Installer accreditation

The Ministry, with professional bodies, specialist associations and the standardisation system, shall accredit or qualify installers of systems requiring specified safety competence, with training, testing and renewal pathways. Accreditation must not be confined to one commercial training provider.

Article 84 — Consumer contracts

System sale or installation contracts shall state rated capacity, principal components, warranties, generation forecasts based on disclosed assumptions, connection responsibility, total cost, maintenance plan and complaint mechanism.

Claims that a system eliminates bills or guarantees returns are prohibited unless they form measurable contractual commitments based on clear conditions.

Article 85 — Warranty and after-sales service

Regulations shall establish minimum disclosure of product and installation warranties and availability of spare parts or alternatives. Contract terms must not waive supplier liability for safety defects or non-conformity.

Article 86 — Market recall

Competent authorities may stop sales or recall equipment proven dangerous or non-compliant, notifying consumers and determining supplier or importer responsibility for repair, replacement or refund under consumer-protection law and related rules.

Article 87 — Batteries and hazardous materials

Batteries and components containing hazardous substances shall follow storage, transport, take-back, reuse, recycling and safe-disposal rules. Extended producer responsibility shall align with waste-management and environmental legislation.

Article 88 — End-of-life panels

Collection, reuse and recycling systems for photovoltaic panels and large equipment shall develop progressively with the market. Regulations shall allocate manufacturer, importer, developer and owner responsibilities to prevent unfunded waste accumulation.

Article 89 — Fire and electrical safety

Facilities shall comply with earthing, insulation, disconnection, firefighting, safe-access and warning-label requirements. Competent bodies shall coordinate building battery requirements with civil defence and the national building code.

Article 90 — Complaints

Consumers shall have clear complaint routes to suppliers or installers and then the competent body or Authority according to the dispute, with response deadlines and electronic and written channels, without prejudice to court access.

Article 91 — Incentive principles

Within existing laws and the budget, the Council of Ministers may approve temporary, targeted renewable-energy and efficiency incentives where cost-benefit analysis demonstrates a market barrier or public benefit that would otherwise remain unrealised.

Incentives shall be reviewed periodically and reduced or ended as technology matures or need disappears. Implementing instructions may not create tax or customs exemptions without statutory authority.

Article 92 — Bank financing

The Central Bank of Iraq, banks and financial institutions may, within their independence and governing laws, design green financing products and guarantees for renewables and efficiency. This Law creates no permanent Central Bank obligation to finance a particular programme or subsidise interest rates.

Article 93 — Blended finance and guarantees

Grants, concessional financing, risk guarantees and international funds may reduce capital costs for projects with public benefit, subject to disclosure of sovereign or contingent liabilities, competitive beneficiary selection and no duplicate subsidy for the same cost.

Article 94 — Budget appropriations

Subsidies and support programmes for households and public entities shall be traceably recorded in the federal or relevant budgets. This Law creates no off-treasury fund or automatic earmarked revenue unless a specific financial law provides otherwise.

Article 95 — Guarantees of origin

The Authority shall establish an electronic renewable-energy guarantee-of-origin register. Each guarantee shall certify a traceable energy unit under the regulations and be used only once. The register shall record source, location, period, technology and any material public support under disclosure rules.

Article 96 — Separating electricity and environmental attributes

Electricity and environmental attributes or guarantees of origin may be sold together or separately under contract. Consumers and companies may not claim renewable-energy consumption where the associated attribute has been transferred or cancelled for another party’s benefit.

Article 97 — Direct renewable-energy contracts

Eligible consumers may conclude direct or virtual renewable power purchase agreements under market rules. The Authority shall set network-use, settlement and guarantee requirements preventing cost transfers to non-participants.

Article 98 — Carbon attributes

A guarantee of origin is not itself a carbon credit or internationally transferred mitigation outcome. Emission-reduction units and international transfers require approval by the competent national authority and compliance with Paris Agreement and anti-double-counting rules.

Article 99 — Preventing undisclosed double support

Projects applying for incentives or tenders shall disclose grants, subsidised loans, exemptions and relevant environmental certificates. Granting authorities may adjust support to prevent windfall profits from unintended combinations of incentives.

Article 100 — Records and reports

Licensees and public-incentive beneficiaries shall retain technical and financial records needed to verify generation, savings or support conditions for the prescribed period, protecting data and commercial secrets.

Article 101 — Inspection

Competent bodies may inspect facilities, equipment and records within their remit proportionately to risk. Homes or legally protected premises may be entered only under the law, with the occupant’s consent or a competent-authority order where required.

Article 102 — Corrective measures

For violations posing no imminent danger, the competent body shall issue a notice specifying the violation and correction period. It may shorten the deadline or immediately stop operation where serious danger threatens life, the grid or the environment.

Article 103 — Administrative penalties

Without prejudice to harsher penalties under another law, the Authority or competent body may, within its remit and after allowing a defence, issue warnings or corrective orders, suspend registrations or licences, temporarily exclude participants from incentive programmes or recover support obtained through inaccurate information.

Financial penalties for licensed activities shall be specified in the Electricity Market Regulation Law or regulations based on express statutory authority. No fine may be imposed administratively without legal authority.

Article 104 — Fraud and manipulation

Forgery of guarantees of origin, meter tampering for financial gain and false subsidy applications shall be referred to competent investigating authorities where punishable under existing laws. This Law does not duplicate offences already regulated by the Penal Code or other legislation.

Article 105 — Regulatory grievances

Interested parties may challenge Authority or competent-body decisions within thirty days of notification or knowledge under published procedures. A reasoned determination shall be issued within the period set by regulation. A grievance does not suspend urgent safety decisions unless the competent body or court orders otherwise.

Article 106 — Judicial review

Final administrative decisions under this Law may be challenged before competent courts under applicable laws. Contracts or instructions must not deprive citizens or investors of statutory appeal rights.

Article 107 — Shared responsibilities

Implementation shall respect the constitutionally shared responsibility for regulating principal electrical energy sources and their distribution and for environmental policy. Federal, regional and local authorities shall coordinate, exchange data and avoid unjustified barriers to movement of electricity, equipment or services within Iraq.

Article 108 — Minimum federal standards

Safety, metering, traceability, consumer protection and national-grid access rules provide minimum standards where activities connect to the federal system or involve inter-governorate or interregional trade. Regions and governorates may adopt stricter environmental or building-efficiency requirements within their powers, consistently with federal law and the Constitution.

Article 109 — Mutual recognition

Competent bodies shall work towards mutual recognition within Iraq of professional licences, conformity certificates and approved meters and equipment where standards are equivalent, preventing repeated tests and procedures without technical justification.

Article 110 — Existing projects and contracts

Valid contracts, licences and approvals predating commencement shall remain effective until expiry and be aligned with safety, metering and environmental requirements within reasonable transitional periods. Material changes to compensation mechanisms shall not retrospectively affect established vested rights except under law.

Article 111 — Existing parliamentary bill

Upon enactment, this integrated framework shall, within its subject matter, replace conflicting prior renewable-energy provisions. Competent bodies shall review pending bills and instructions to prevent parallel, conflicting bodies or powers.

Article 112 — Authority transition

If the Federal Electricity Market Regulatory Authority has not begun operating at commencement, the Ministry shall temporarily perform necessary connection, registration and settlement regulatory functions under published rules. Files, data and responsibilities shall transfer immediately upon the Authority beginning work and within eighteen months of commencement, unless the Electricity Market Regulation Law specifies a shorter period.

Article 113 — Regulations and instructions

The Council of Ministers shall issue implementing regulations on competent bodies’ proposals. The Ministry, Authority and other bodies shall issue instructions and codes within their respective remits within twelve months of publication, in priority-based phases where appropriate.

Article 114 — Periodic review

Three years after commencement and every five years thereafter, the Ministry, coordinating with the Council and Authority, shall submit a public effectiveness assessment to the Council of Ministers and Council of Representatives, covering support costs, market performance, consumer protection, uptake, efficiency and grid impacts, with proposed amendments where needed.

Article 115 — Repeal of conflicting provisions

Conflicting provisions shall be repealed or amended to the extent necessary. Previous regulations and instructions remain temporarily effective insofar as compatible until replaced.

Article 116 — Commencement

This Law enters into force ninety days after publication in the Official Gazette. Provisions requiring regulations, metering infrastructure or settlement platforms shall apply under statutory and regulatory transitional periods no longer than technically necessary.